Canada's Industrial Evolution

After the Rupture: What Canada Makes Next, and Who It Makes It With

Preface

This is an overview, a big-picture view of where I see Canada moving. It's the first of five pieces, and the four that follow will go deeper, one each on autos and defence, forestry, energy, and minerals and agriculture. But here I want to lay out the big picture, the one idea that I think ties all of this together.

Where we are

If you worked at the Stellantis plant in Brampton, you've been laid off for a long while now, and the building you used to make cars in might become an armoured vehicle factory. Or it might not. If you work at the paper mill in Port Alberni, the biggest employer in town, you watched the Somass sawmill close in 2017 and the Alberni Pacific mill go quiet after it, and this summer you heard your own product was facing a 50% American tariff. If you grow canola in Saskatchewan, you've had a couple of years of China shutting the door and then opening it partway.

So that's where a lot of Canadians are right now. Kind of braced, waiting for the next thing to land. Even around our own home, my wife and I find ourselves anxious, waiting for the next announcement in the news. To be perfectly frank, at times we go on a media diet, because it's just too much to take in at one sitting.

I live on the other side of the Hump from Port Alberni. I've never worked in a mill and I don't know anyone in the industry, so I'm writing as a neighbour, and as somebody who has been thinking about what this country could be for a very long time.

When something like this hits, the natural thing is to pull back. There's some neuroscience on this that I find helpful, and I'll keep it simple. When we feel safe the brain is open, curious and ready to learn. When we feel overwhelmed it applies the brakes. We freeze a little, withdraw, and hold on tight to what we know. It's simply how we're built. But it does mean our first instinct when the old way breaks is to try and get it back. Reopen the plant. Get the lumber flowing south again. Get a deal signed with Washington, whatever it costs.

I don't think the old way is coming back. It never does. Mark Carney said as much at Davos in January, that we're in a rupture and the old order isn't returning, and he added a line I keep coming back to: "Nostalgia is not a strategy." I agree with him. And I'd go a little further. Once you accept the old arrangement is gone, the question stops being how do we recover and starts being what do we become.

That's the question this series is about.

The idea underneath it all

For most of a century Canada has sold the beginning of things to one customer and bought back the end, the finished product.

Logs, lumber and pulp went south. Close to 90% of our oil exports still go south, though that's down from about 95% before the twinned Trans Mountain line opened up Asia. We assembled cars that were designed in Detroit from parts made somewhere else. We grow canola and ship the seed. We mine uranium and battery minerals and send them away to be processed. And then we buy back the finished goods, solar panels from China, components from Asia, and the designs and the know-how from whoever owns them.

It worked, obviously, for a long time. The one customer was rich and right next door. It doesn't work so well when that customer puts a 50% tariff on you over a weekend.

So here's the idea I want to test in every piece of this series. Finish it here, and sell it to many.

Two halves. Make more of the end of the chain in Canada, the part that goes inside, the part where the margin and the skill live. And sell it to a lot of customers instead of one.

I want to be careful with the second half. Carney also warned in that speech that "a world of fortresses will be poorer, more fragile, and less sustainable." So this is about opening more doors. The United States stays a customer, a big one, just not the only one. And that means not burning things in anger that we can't get back, like our place in NORAD or the F-35s we've already paid for. You don't need to expect the old relationship back to see that throwing away an asset for nothing is a bad trade.

Autos and defence, the worked example

This is where the idea is furthest along, so I'll use it to show what I mean.

Two things happened this year that hardly anyone has noticed, or perhaps even understood. First, Europe let us into SAFE, its €150 billion program for joint defence buying. Normally no more than 35% of a product's parts can come from outside Europe and Ukraine. For Canada that ceiling is gone. We're the first and only non-European country in, and the United States is excluded by design. Second, we signed a hundred-year partnership with Ukraine in September, and Canadian companies are already signing deals underneath it to build Ukrainian-designed drones and ground vehicles here, with the training and repair work staying in Canada. A Ukrainian partner put the logic plainly. Canada has the factories, the suppliers and the reliable power, and it's out of missile range.

I'd go further and make that the national pitch. Apart from the United States, we're the only big advanced manufacturing base in the alliance that sits an ocean away from Russia's front line. Every plant in Poland or Germany or Finland is a potential target. So rather than asking Europe to buy from us because we're allies, we say put your second line here, because it survives.

Now, Brampton is the honest test, and it isn't passing yet. Roshel wants to buy the plant, but the plant is about seven times the size of everything Roshel runs today, the deal leans on a military order that hasn't landed, and the union's worries about wages and pensions are real.

The better signal, I think, is something called Project Arrow, and since most people have never heard of it, a little background. It's run by the Automotive Parts Manufacturers' Association, the companies that make the parts that go into cars, and it's named after the Avro Arrow, the Canadian fighter jet that was cancelled in 1959. The idea, announced in 2020, was to prove that Canada could design and build a zero-emission vehicle almost entirely from its own supply chain. A student team from Carleton University won the design competition, Ontario Tech University in Oshawa built it, and in 2023 the first Arrow rolled out with about 97% Canadian parts from 58 suppliers. It was never meant to be sold. It was meant to show the world what Canadian suppliers can do, and by the association's own count it brought those suppliers around $500 million in new business.

Then in February they showed two new prototypes, Vector and Borealis, with more than eighty Canadian suppliers behind them, and the concepts use 3D-printed chassis and powertrain parts instead of the traditional stamping and dies. They're demonstrators, nobody's selling them at a dealership, and they won't be soon, though the target is a prototype a manufacturer could actually build by 2028. But the idea is right. Canada as a maker of vehicle technology the world can pick from, a menu if you will, rather than a place that bolts together someone else's car.

The catch is that Arrow is a showcase, not a car company. Flavio Volpe has said for years that the next step is finding someone willing to risk the capital to build it, and six years in, nobody has. This is where the new Canada Strong Fund could earn its keep. It's the $25 billion sovereign wealth fund announced this spring, set up to take minority stakes in things like advanced manufacturing. Patient Canadian money behind Canadian technology is about as close to finishing it here as it gets.

I'll be honest about the limits too. Ontario's car plants were built to feed the American market, and nobody builds cars in Ingersoll to sell in Seoul. Converting a plant to drones or defence keeps the building and the people, but not most of the equipment. And none of these options on its own replaces the 125,000 people who work directly in the auto sector.

But maybe losing the old equipment is less of a loss than it sounds. If we're building new equipment anyway, 3D printing car frames and things like that, then we're no longer competing with Detroit or anyone else who assumes the car business will just carry on the way it always has. We'd be a step ahead of them. And what we'll likely end up with is a lot more businesses, smaller and more spread out, which I'd argue makes us more powerful and more resilient. It also keeps us from betting everything on one tunnel again.

Think about beer. Not that long ago two companies, Labatt and Molson, sold most of the beer in this country, about three quarters of it as recently as 2017. Canada had around 300 breweries in 2010. By one count there are well over a thousand now, most of them small, and they've changed what Canadians expect from a beer. Craft brewing has had a rough couple of years with beer sales down overall, so I won't oversell it. But by most accounts the industry is more inventive, the beer is a whole lot better, and it's much harder to knock over than when two players owned it. That's the kind of shape I'd hope for in manufacturing too, and it's a far better outcome than waiting for Detroit to change its mind.

And here's where the core idea bites. Every announcement so far is about assembly. Even that first Arrow, at 97% Canadian content, still needed parts from Asia, and drones at scale need motors, batteries, optics and controllers that mostly come from China. We can design it and put it together. We can't yet make what goes inside. Finish it here.

Forestry, and Port Alberni

This is the part I care most about, and probably the part I know least, so I'd like to be pushed on it.

For years the Port Alberni mill's specialty was paper for telephone directories. I can't remember the last time I opened a phone book. Can you? Anyhow.

BC forestry has mostly sold softwood lumber and pulp to the US, and the duties and tariffs keep stacking up. So the instinct, again, is to ask how we get our old market back. I think a log has more lives than we've been giving it.

Here's the one that caught my attention. Europe's artillery shortage turns out to be as much about propellant as shells, and propellant starts as nitrocellulose. Most of Europe's nitrocellulose has been made from cotton fibres, and Rheinmetall's CEO said in 2024 that more than 70% of that cotton came from China. You can make nitrocellulose from wood pulp. It's technically harder to get to military grade, and Rheinmetall is reportedly working to qualify it.

I thought for a while that nobody in Canada was talking about this. I was wrong, and I'm glad of it! Ottawa put $355.7 million in March into a nitrocellulose plant at Valleyfield in Quebec, with production expected within about three years, and there's a Saskatchewan company proposing a plant that would use forestry feedstock. National Bank's economists pointed out that we're one of the world's top five pulp producers, we make high-quality dissolving pulp, and until now we've made no nitrocellulose at all. So it's moving. What I don't see yet is anyone connecting coastal BC pulp to that chain. That's the gap. Hey Port Alberni, is anybody checking out this opportunity?

On jobs, I'll be careful. The best example I've found is Finland, where Metsä built a new bioproduct mill at Äänekoski in 2017 making pulp plus a list of other products. The mill itself employs about the same number of people as the old one did. The company's estimate is roughly 1,500 new jobs around it, in wood supply, transport and the businesses feeding it. That's kind of what I mean. The mill becomes the anchor for a cluster of smaller businesses making things we currently throw away or don't make at all.

And there's a small version of this already happening in Port Alberni. A prefab housing manufacturer, IGV Housing, hired twelve of the fifteen people from a green building training program, many of them displaced sawmill workers. A former union president said fairly that two dozen jobs don't replace the thousands lost across BC, and he's right. But in terms of direction, it's the right one.

Energy, the bridge

This one isn't cheerful and I won't pretend it is. Oil and gas pay a lot of Canada's bills, and walking away from them overnight isn't realistic. I think we have to treat fossil fuels as a bridge. The revenue and the leverage carry us across the next ten, twenty, thirty, maybe fifty years while we build what comes after.

So yes, I support a new pipeline to the BC coast. We already twinned Trans Mountain, and that line has been running since May 2024. Now there's a second proposal, called Pacific Link, for about a million barrels a day, mostly following the same corridor south. On October 1 it was listed as a project of national interest, with Trans Mountain and Pembina as the builders and construction possibly starting in the fall of 2027. And the government has kept the tanker ban on the north coast, which I'm glad of. That coast is worth protecting. The listing isn't a permit, though, and the Indigenous consultation still has to happen, so we'll see.

Finishing it here applies to the oil itself too. We used to refine a lot more of our own. Petro-Canada's Oakville refinery closed in 2005, Shell's in Montreal in 2010, Imperial's in Dartmouth in 2013, and eastern Canada was still bringing in close to half a million barrels a day of crude from elsewhere in 2024. Pierre Trudeau's government set up Petro-Canada as a Crown corporation in 1975, partly on the idea that Canadians should have a real stake in their own oil. Whatever you think of the politics of that era, the instinct was sound. And it's not an old idea either. Premier David Eby was pushing it back in January, saying Canada should think about building a refinery rather than a pipeline. I don't think it has to be one or the other. At the very least we should be refining for our own needs here.

And the core idea applies here too. We have good conditions for solar, wind, geothermal and tidal power. There's an example close to home. In 2006 a tidal turbine went into the water at Race Rocks, off the southern tip of Vancouver Island where the currents run hard, in a project with Pearson College, after a University of Victoria study found tidal was the best fit there. It was a test and it's since been retired, but the current is still there. And as far as I can tell we import most of the equipment for all of this, a lot of it from China. A decade ago Ontario's solar panel makers were complaining they couldn't compete with Chinese pricing. If we're going to build cleaner energy here, we might as well build the things that make it.

Minerals and agriculture

In January we cut a deal with China. They dropped the tariff on canola seed from 84% to 15% and took the tariff on canola meal to zero, and we let in a quota of Chinese EVs. In March Cameco signed a $2.6 billion deal to supply uranium to India from 2027 to 2035. Both are good, and both are still the beginning of the chain. We ship the seed and the ore. The crushing, the refining and the processing of battery minerals right here at home is where the next step is.

And potash, which is a big one. Canada is the world's largest potash supplier, and BHP's new Jansen mine in Saskatchewan, now under construction, is expected to supply something like a tenth of the world's potash once it's fully built. Potash is closer to a finished product than most of what we dig up, so here the core idea is mostly the second half, selling to many. BHP says it's lining up buyers in Brazil, India and China as well as the US. Interesting too that several of our potash mines are owned by American and German companies, which is its own kind of beginning-and-end question.

The people, and doing this together

None of this works if it's done to communities rather than with them.

That includes Indigenous nations, who hold title, rights and increasingly ownership across forestry, mining and energy. There are real models now. Ottawa's $10 billion Indigenous Loan Guarantee Program backed its first deal last year, a $400 million guarantee that helped 38 First Nations in BC buy 12.5% of Enbridge's Westcoast gas system, a $736 million investment. Closer to me, four nations near Campbell River bought a 34% interest with Western Forest Products in 2023. Partnership like that is how a project gets built at all, and how the benefit stays where the resource is.

It also includes the provinces. Alberta and Ottawa, BC and Alberta, the internal trade barriers that are only now being taken down. If we spend this moment fighting each other, we'll have wasted it. In a lot of ways we've already seen it. When the trade war started, the premiers and Ottawa pulled together as Team Canada. That momentum needs to continue, with every premier and the federal government aligned on a common purpose of evolving the country together.

And it includes the person in Brampton and the person in Port Alberni. Their fear is reasonable. The job of everyone else is to show them, concretely, what the next thing is, and to make sure they're first in line for it.

The strongest objections

A climate critic will say a new pipeline locks us in. Fair. My answer is that a bridge has two ends, and the way to keep it honest is to tie oil to building what's on the other side, and to set the time horizon out loud. There's already a version of this. When Ottawa and Alberta signed their agreement last November, Carney tied federal support for the pipeline to the oil sands companies going ahead with Pathways, a very large carbon capture project, and a second agreement this July moved Pathways forward. I'll be honest that the same deal also set aside the federal emissions cap, and the critic will rightly point to that. But the principle is there, and I'd like to see it carried further, with oil revenue helping to build the clean-energy manufacturing on the other side.

Here's a small example of what that could look like. A while back we put solar panels on the roof of our house. It's made a substantial difference to our costs, and because we feed power back into the grid, we're contributing too. Imagine oil revenue funding rebates and grants so that a lot more homeowners could do the same. Instead of only building huge projects like the Site C dam, we could have literally millions of mini infrastructure projects on people's roofs, with everybody contributing to the solution in a natural, healthy way.

Someone else will say just sign the deal with Washington. I'd say we tried, and the demands went to whether we could sign trade deals with other countries and protect French. That's not a tariff schedule, that's sovereignty. And signing anyway would just be another way of trying to reclaim the past. It kicks the can further down the road, and we know now it would come back to haunt us eventually. The time is now. There's no going back.

An economist will say we should stick to what we're good at, which is resources. I'd say we are good at resources, and the margin is further down the chain, and one customer is a risk no portfolio manager would accept.

And a sceptic will say Canada signs a lot of agreements and delivers few. This will certainly be the test of the Carney government. But I'm willing to give them some slack here, because the agreements have to come first. Signing a piece of paper is the fastest and easiest part, and it doesn't take much in the way of labour or money. Building the thing takes time. You can't approve a factory or a pipeline and expect it to be there tomorrow, so there's going to be a lag between agreeing to do something and actually getting it done, and we need to give them a chance to get these things rolling.

Not only that, we need to stay Canada strong and approach this as a team. The worst thing we could do is get in our own way and end up stealing defeat from the jaws of victory. Patience matters here, and so does alignment, so that people keep the bigger picture in view. I'm not suggesting we stop looking at things with a critical eye. We need oversight, and the legal rights of the people a project touches matter, Indigenous nations especially. But there's a difference between scrutiny and holding things up for the sake of holding them up, or for the sake of scoring political points, and we should be wary of that whichever party it comes from.

And we're already seeing shovels in the ground. The first small modular reactor at Darlington in Ontario has its foundation poured and the reactor building is going up. The Port of Montreal started in-water work on its new Contrecoeur container terminal last fall. BHP's Jansen potash mine is under construction. And the twinned Trans Mountain line, after years of fighting, has been running since 2024.

Where I'd hold the line is on the money. The Auditor General found $36 billion in industrial benefit promises where nobody could show the industry was better off. So every dollar of support should be tied to plants actually running, technology actually delivered, and written export commitments.

A plan, in ten points

1. Spend the new defence money in Canada first. ON TRACK. The Defence Industrial Strategy launched in February makes Buy Canadian its guiding rule, with a target of 70% of defence purchases going to Canadian firms over the next decade.

2. Use SAFE to bid into European defence buying. ON TRACK. We're in, and the first Canadian contract has been won.

3. Turn the Ukraine declaration into contracts with dollar figures. ON TRACK, with patience needed. The full agreement is due in December.

4. Build domestic nitrocellulose. ON TRACK. The Valleyfield plant is funded.

5. Qualify Canadian dissolving pulp, including BC coastal pulp from places like Port Alberni, as propellant-grade feedstock, and build that supply chain on purpose. OPPORTUNITY.

6. Pair every assembly announcement with a components plan: motors, optics, controllers, battery cells. OPPORTUNITY, and a big one for small business. Small shops can move at the speed of small business, if you will, and with 3D printing a lot of these parts no longer need a big factory and big capital to get started.

7. Manufacture clean-energy equipment here, and help homeowners put it on their roofs, funded in part by fossil fuel revenue while the bridge lasts. OPPORTUNITY.

8. Build the pipeline and the corridors, with the tanker ban kept and Indigenous equity standard. PARTLY ON TRACK. The Major Projects Office and the loan guarantee program exist, and Pacific Link was listed as a national-interest project on October 1. No permit has been issued yet.

9. Put the Canada Strong Fund behind Canadian technology that has no builder yet, starting with what Project Arrow has proven. And alongside the big bets, fund a whole lot of small ones. Hundreds of small businesses making motors, optics, controllers, battery cells and solar panels can add up to a major project of their own. OPPORTUNITY.

10. Make all support conditional, with clawbacks that are actually enforced. OPPORTUNITY, and Ottawa has shown it can do it, cutting GM's and Stellantis's tariff-free import quotas after they moved production out.

Ten years from now

If this works, here's what I'd hope we could point to by 2035. Non-US exports roughly doubled, which is the government's own goal. We got a start in 2025, when the US share of our exports fell from about 76% to under 72%, although a fair bit of that was gold going to Britain, so it's not as broad as it sounds. Canadian pulp feeding allied propellant, made in a Canadian plant, with a revived pulp and paper and lumber industry in BC, and maybe Port Alberni, at the front of the line. And Indigenous equity as a normal part of major resource projects.

None of that is guaranteed. But it's certainly possible, and it's a lot more hopeful than waiting for the phone to ring from Washington.

What's next

The next piece goes deeper on autos and defence. After that, forestry, energy, and minerals and agriculture. I'll update this overview after the Canada-EU summit at the end of October, because a lot of it depends on what comes out of that room.

Sources

Where we are, and the premise

• Mark Carney, "Principled and pragmatic: Canada's path," World Economic Forum, Davos, January 20, 2026. https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/speeches/2026/01/20/principled-and-pragmatic-canadas-path-prime-minister-carney-addresses

• Port Alberni paper mill and US tariffs: CHEK News. https://cheknews.ca/concerns-increase-as-albernis-largest-employer-faces-u-s-tariffs-1343813/

• Alberni Pacific Division curtailment: CTV News. https://bc.ctvnews.ca/western-forest-products-indefinitely-curtails-port-alberni-mill-1.6850036

• US share of Canadian crude exports, 2025: Statistics Canada. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/9188-canadian-crude-oil-reaches-new-heights-2025

Autos and defence

• Canada's participation in SAFE and the 35% component rule: Council of the EU, via IEU Monitoring. https://ieu-monitoring.com/editorial/security-action-for-europe-eu-council-concludes-safe-agreement-with-canada/1243353

• First Canadian SAFE contract (Marconi, radios for Poland): CTV News / Canadian Press. https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/article/pm-carney-1st-canadian-firm-awarded-contract-under-safe-agreement/

• Canada-Ukraine partnership and drone production: Prime Minister of Canada. https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2026/09/10/canada-and-ukraine-scale-drone-production-build-canadas-defence

• Tencore and Dominion Dynamics: Interfax-Ukraine. https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/1221224.html

• Brampton, Roshel and Unifor: Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/chrysler/2026/10/06/unifor-stellantis-strike-authorization-vote-brampton-rochel/92122785007/

• Project Arrow 2.0 and additive manufacturing: Metal AM. https://www.metal-am.com/canadas-project-arrow-ev-platforms-feature-additive-manufacturing/

• Project Arrow's 2028 commercially viable prototype target: Canadian International AutoShow / APMA media release. https://autoshow.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/CIAS2026-Press-Release-09-Project-Arrow-1-1.pdf

• Canada Strong Fund: Blakes. https://blakes.com/insights/spring-economic-update-2026-key-initiatives-for-the-infrastructure-industry/

• Defence Industrial Strategy and Buy Canadian: Gowling WLG. https://gowlingwlg.com/en-ca/insights-resources/articles/2026/canada-defence-industrial-strategy

• First Project Arrow at 97% Canadian content: CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/lite/story/1.6704821

• Project Arrow background (Avro Arrow name, Carleton design, Ontario Tech build, 58 suppliers, $500 million in new business): Wikipedia and National Observer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Arrow and https://www.nationalobserver.com/2025/05/09/analysis/arrow-reborn-canadian-electric-vehicle-industry

• Labatt and Molson market share: Brauwelt. https://brauwelt.com/en/international-report/the-americas/621737-molson-coors-gets-crafty-to-fight-loss-of-market-share

• Brewery counts and craft beer trends: Beer in Canada, Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Canada

Forestry and Port Alberni

• Europe's nitrocellulose dependence on Chinese cotton linters: European Policy Centre. https://www.epc.eu/publication/running-on-empty-the-chemical-shortage-undermining-european-defence/

• Rheinmetall and propellant: CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/23/rheinmetall-gunpowder-ammunition-europe-rearm-ceo.html

• Valleyfield nitrocellulose facility, $355.7 million: Department of National Defence. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2026/03/minister-mcguinty-announces-investment-of-1-4-billion-into-domestic-ammunition-production.html

• CellCore Technologies and National Bank on dissolving pulp: Vozpópuli. https://www.vozpopuli.com/indux/en/?p=8545

• Äänekoski bioproduct mill: Metsä Group. https://www.metsagroup.com/news-and-publications/news/2015/metsa-group-to-build-next-generation-bioproduct-mill-in-aanekoski/

• IGV Housing and the green building program: The Tyee. https://www.thetyee.ca/News/2026/06/23/New-Employer-BC-Logging-Town/

Energy

• Trans Mountain Expansion in service, May 2024: Canada Energy Regulator. https://neb-one.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2025/market-snapshot-trans-mountain-expansion-eases-pipeline-constraints-and-increases-exports-to-overseas-markets.html

• Pacific Link, national-interest listing: Government of Alberta. https://www.alberta.ca/west-coast-oil-pipeline

• Tanker ban kept: OilPrice. https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Carney-Backs-BC-Tanker-Ban-as-Alberta-Unveils-Pipeline-Plan.html

• Eby on refineries over pipelines: CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/vancouver/article/eby-says-canada-should-build-refineries-not-pipelines-amid-oilsands-uncertainty/

• Race Rocks tidal turbine: Race Rocks / Pearson College and OpenEI. https://racerocks.ca/?p=43338 and https://en.openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE/Databases/Projects_Database/Projects/Race_Rocks_Ecological_Preserve

• Pipeline tied to Pathways carbon capture: The Logic. https://thelogic.co/news/pathways-carbon-capture-project-mou-deal/

• Refinery closures and crude imports: Canada Energy Regulator. https://cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2018/market-snapshot-canadas-refining-capacity-increases-despite-fewer-refineries.html and CAPP. https://www.capp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Canadian-Consumption-of-Domestically-Produced-Crude-ONG-October-17-2025.pdf

Minerals and agriculture

• Canola tariff deal with China: Western Producer. https://www.producer.com/daily/canola-growers-thrilled-with-china-agreement/

• Cameco uranium deal with India: Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-02/canada-s-cameco-signs-1-9-billion-uranium-deal-with-india

• Potash and Jansen: Mining.com. https://www.mining.com/web/bhps-fertilizer-boss-bets-on-low-cost-potash-to-challenge-rivals/ and Library of Parliament HillNotes. https://hillnotes.ca/2025/06/05/potash-and-the-canada-united-states-trade-relationship/

The people

• Indigenous Loan Guarantee, Westcoast stake: Canada Development Investment Corporation. https://cdev.gc.ca/federal-indigenous-loan-guarantee-program-celebrates-first-loan-guarantee

• Nanwakolas nations and Western Forest Products: CBC. https://amp.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/first-nations-vancouver-island-bc-partnership-forest-company-1.7007377

Objections, plan and scoreboard

• Darlington SMR construction: Ontario Power Generation. https://www.opg.com/?p=16678

• Contrecoeur terminal works: Major Projects Office. https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/major-projects-office/projects/national.html

• Auditor General on industrial benefits: Office of the Auditor General. https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_202406_06_e_44474.html

• GM and Stellantis quota cuts: Automotive World. https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/canada-retaliates-cuts-tariff-exemptions-for-gm-stellantis/

• Non-US exports goal and 2025 export shares: PBS / Associated Press. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/carney-says-canada-will-aim-to-double-its-non-u-s-exports-amid-economic-tensions and Wealth Professional citing Statistics Canada. https://www.wealthprofessional.ca/news/industry-news/canada-eyes-india-trade-breakthrough-as-exports-diversify-beyond-us-new-data-shows/391671